 VOLUME 3, 2009 Contents and Abstracts
CONTENTS (January 2009, Volume 3/Number 1) Research Performance of Pre-Cut Lettuce Packaged in Biodegradable Film Formed on Commercial Vertical-Form-Fill-and-Seal Machines J. W. BROWN, K. VORST, S. PALMER and J. SINGH Effect of Transport Vibration on Quality of Minimally Processed and Packaged Fresh-cut Cantaloupe KOUSHIK SAHA, S. PAUL SINGH and BRUCE HARTE Effect of Truck Vibration during Transport on Damage to Fresh Produce Shipments in V. CHONHENCHOB, S. SITTIPOD, D. SWASDEE, P. RACHTANAPUN, S. P. SINGH and J. SINGH Enhancement of Oxygen Barrier with Polymer Clay Nanocomposite Coatings on Polypropylene Treated with Atmospheric Pressure Plasma JINWOO KWAK, BRUCE WELT and CHARLES BEATTY ARTICLE ABSTRACTS (January 2009, Volume 3/Number 1) Performance of Pre-Cut Lettuce Packaged in Biodegradable Film Formed on Commercial Vertical-Form-Fill-and-Seal Machines J. W. BROWN, K. VORST, S. PALMER and J. SINGH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using biodegradable films suitable for fresh-cut lettuce with commercial vertical-form-fill-and-seal packaging machines (VVFS) equipped with heat-sealing bars. Biodegradable high-density polyethylene (BHDPE) and polypropylene (BPP) films were tested. Commercial bags of pre-cut Romaine sealed in a polyethylene/oriented polypropylene (PE/OPP) bag formed on a VVFS machine were used as the control. All bags were held at 4.4°C, 80% RH and assessed for reduction in quality during storage per a commercial (in-house) standard utilized by a large pre-cut salad packer in Effect of Transport Vibration on Quality of Minimally Processed and Packaged Fresh-cut Cantaloupe KOUSHIK SAHA, S. PAUL SINGH and BRUCE HARTE ABSTRACT: This study was undertaken to determine the quality of packaged fresh cut cantaloupe subjected to transport vibration after treating with various anti-browning agents. Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) pieces were dipped in two anti-browning solutions: Treatment-A (2% ascorbic acid + 1% calcium chloride + 0.5% citric acid) and Treatment-B (3% Nature Seal™) for 2 minutes and packaged in bio-based clamshell containers and vibrated for 60 minutes (ASTM 4169, Truck assurance level II). Vibration of cut-cantaloupe packaged in sample containers had a positive effect on the flavor and overall liking. The overall liking scores were higher than 6(slightly like) on a hedonic scale of 1–9 for all samples except for vibrated-Treatment-A. The texture of vibrated cut-cantaloupe deteriorated with time, which was partially supported by firmness values obtained using a Kramer shear press. Treatment-B cut-cantaloupe subjected to vibration performed better than Treatment-A for appearance, flavor, texture and overall acceptability. No off-odor, sliminess or mold growth was observed in any of the samples during 10-day storage at 5°C ± 0.3°C. The sensory panel examined the final quality of fresh-cut fruit for several quality parameters at day 1, 4, 7 and 10 after being vibrated and stored in bio-based packaging made from Poly (lactide) (PLA) polymer. These findings are significant for quality preservation of cut-cantaloupe during transportation and distribution channels. Effect of Truck Vibration during Transport on Damage to Fresh Produce Shipments in V. CHONHENCHOB, S. SITTIPOD, D. SWASDEE, P. RACHTANAPUN, S. P. SINGH and J. SINGH ABSTRACT: The increase in global trade allows packaged products to be shipped across borders using inter-modal transportation. Trucks are still the most prevalent mode for surface shipments and time sensitive transport perishable products such as fresh produce. This study focused on measuring the transportation environment in truck shipments from various packing houses to major retail distribution centers in Enhancement of Oxygen Barrier with Polymer Clay Nanocomposite Coatings on Polypropylene Treated with Atmospheric Pressure Plasma JINWOO KWAK, BRUCEWELT and CHARLES BEATTY ABSTRACT: Production of polymer clay nanocomposite (PCN) materials using hydrophobic polymers such as polyolefins can be difficult due to hydrophilic nature of clay. Nano-composite coatings bonded to polyolefins may offer a simpler method of achieving higher barrier properties for these materials. Atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) offers opportunities for modifying surface tension and thus enhancing bonding of coatings to polyolefins. Mixtures consisting of synthetic layered silicate in polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) were applied to atmospheric pressure plasma treated, semi-rigid polypropylene (PP) samples. Atmospheric pressure plasma treated (50/50 air/nitrogen) and coated samples were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and wide angle diffraction (WAXRD). Results showed that APP treatments enhance surface roughness, which contributed to enhanced bonding of coatings. Wide angle diffraction confirmed exfoliation of Laponite nano-particles on coated samples. Due to the exfoliation of clay platelets and good adhesion, oxygen transmission rate (OTR) values of PP were reduced from 150 to 10 cc/m2/day when coated with PCN solution containing 50 wt% clay. This work demonstrates potential for PCN coatings to enhance barrier performance of PP.
Research High Permeable Films Used for Modified Atmosphere Packaging Improve Quality and Shelf Life of Baby Corn VANEE CHONHENCHOB, WANNEE CHINSIRIKUL, ASIRA FUONGFUCHAT, SAOWAPA CHAIWONG, KANCHANA BOONRUANG and NOPPADON KERDDONFAG Effects of Heat-seal Variables on Water Vapor Ingress in Small High-Barrier Pharmaceutical Blisters LILLIAN LIU and FRITZ YAMBRACH Flexography Printing Performance of PLA Film J. JACOBSON, M. KEIF, X. RONG, J. SINGH and K. VORST Design—An J. SINGH, R. KISCH, J. CHHUN and E. OLSEN Book Review: Embrace the Business of Sustainability JOHN SPINK ARTICLE ABSTRACTS (April 2009, Volume 3/Number 2) High Permeable Films Used for Modified Atmosphere Packaging Improve Quality and Shelf Life of Baby Corn VANEE CHONHENCHOB, WANNEE CHINSIRIKUL, ASIRA FUONGFUCHAT, SAOWAPA CHAIWONG, KANCHANA BOONRUANG and NOPPADON KERDDONFAG ABSTRACT: This study presents the optimum controlled modified atmosphere (CA) conditions for baby corn and their applications in film selection for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). The optimum CA condition for baby corn stored was shown to be 2–5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2. Baby corn (~250 g) were packaged in the bags (15 cm × 23 cm) made of various films (PE-1, PE-2, PE-3, and PP) ranging in oxygen (OTR) and carbon dioxide (CO2TR) transmission rates and permselectivities (PCO2/PO2, ß) and stored at 5 and 10°C. Treatments were evaluated for changes in color, firmness, total soluble solids, weight loss, and percent decay. Shelf life was determined using sensory scores. The highest CO2 accumulation was observed in the PP packages resulting in severe browning and fermentation. Low O2 concentrations were observed in all packages. All of the high gas permeable films created equilibrium modified atmospheres. PE-3 (OTR = 16,826 cm3 m-2 24 h-1; CO2TR = 51,328 cm3 m-2 24 h-1; ß = 3.05) maintained a package atmosphere at 2 kPaO2+4kPaCO2 as recommended in the CA study and maximized shelf life of baby corn stored at 10 and 5°C to 21 and 15 days, respectively, as compared to 6 days for PP packaged baby corn. Chilling injury occurred in baby corn packaged in PE-3 after storage at 5°C for 15 days. Effects of Heat-seal Variables on Water Vapor Ingress in Small High-Barrier Pharmaceutical Blisters LILLIAN LIU and FRITZ YAMBRACH ABSTRACT: In this study, a two-factor (temperature and dwell-time), three-level design of experiment was conducted to evaluate the barrier performance of cold-form foil unit-dose blister packages stored at accelerated aging conditions (40°C at 75% RH) over a fourteen-week period. Because the packaging was formed from laminated webs of aluminum foil, PVC, and nylon, the evaluation concentrated on the heat-seal area formed between top and bottom foil layers. This evaluation included visual inspection (behavior of adhesive melt during sealing stage, thickness of heat seal layer) and physical examination (gross leak testing, seal strength testing) of the formed samples, as well as Karl Fischer titrimetric analysis of moisture ingress to assess barrier performance of the packages. Physical tests indicated that the samples were free from gross leaks, pinholes, flex-cracks or other compromises to the structural integrity of the packaging. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, P < 0.05) of the results indicated increasing seal strength across the samples was associated with increases in temperature (Table 3), but was not affected by changes in dwell-time. ANOVA conducted for moisture results indicated that there was no significant difference across the different process variables (i.e., temperatured well time combinations). The practical significance of the results lies in the flexibility awarded to manufacturers in scaling processes for larger operations, as well as in adjusting process conditions as appropriate for specific product formulations (e.g., capability to lower processing temperatures for product formulations that are sensitive to heat). Although moisture testing was conducted over a 14-week period, limited resources prevented the study from extending to a more ideal 24-week study period. Flexography Printing Performance of PLA Film J. JACOBSON, M. KEIF, X. RONG, J. SINGH and K. VORST ABSTRACT: During the past decade polylactide acid (PLA) polymer has been the subject of numerous researches aimed at comparing it with traditional petroleum based polymers for many packaging applications. PLA is biodegradable and derived from agricultural by-products such as corn starch or other starch-rich substances like maize, sugar or wheat.While PLA is currently being used in many packaging applications with well documented performance, little work has been done comparing printing processes and performance. This study presents PLA printing performance and sustainability findings using the common flexography printing process. Various analytical methods were used to evaluate performance and provide recommendations for optimized printing on PLA as compared to PET, oriented PP and oriented PS. Results of this study found that PLA films were comparable in printability and runnability to standard petroleum based flexible packaging films. Design—An J. SINGH, R. KISCH, J. CHHUN and E. OLSEN
Student Contribution Packaging Trends for Bottled Water N. NOBLE, L. PAUL, C. MCMINIMEE, M. MALLETT and J. SINGH Research Application of Finite Element Analysis to Predict the Critical Top-Load of a Corrugated Box CHANGFENG GE New Pressure Sensitive Device to Measure and Predict Package Drops S. PAUL SINGH, JAY SINGH and YOUNG PAEK Method for Measuring the Oxygen Transmission Rate of Perforated Packaging Films AY MAN ABDELLATIEF and BRUCE A. WELT ARTICLE ABSTRACTS (July 2009, Volume 3/Number 3) Packaging Trends for Bottled Water N. NOBLE, L. PAUL, C. McMINIMEE, M. MALLETT ABSTRACT: The Journal of Applied Packaging Research (JAPR) is an international forum for the dissemination of research papers, review articles, tutorials and news about innovative or emerging technologies for the packaging industry. In an effort to introduce research conducted by packaging students to the academics and industry professionals and to provide an outlet for these future stewards of the packaging industry to experience the world of publishing, JAPR, occasionally includes such work in its issues. Bottled water is drinking water packaged generally in plastic bottles and regulated by national and local agencies. The Beverage Marketing Corporation defines the bottled water market segment as "retail PET, retail bulk, home and office delivery, vending, domestic sparkling and imports" but excluding "flavored and enhanced water". Bottled water, with a fifth ranking amongst all beverage types consumed in the Application of Finite Element Analysis to Predict the Critical Top-Load of a Corrugated Box CHANGFENG GE ABSTRACT: Most nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) studies for a single-wall corrugated board assume that the board is a three-layer laminated orthotropic plate. As inputs to FEA software, the mechanical properties of the board are usually calculated from experimentally obtained properties of single layers. This study used corrugated board in a cross-machine direction as a pseudo-isotropic component for experimental evaluation. The measured board properties were then input into FEA software to model a corrugated box. A load curve was created in FEA software to simulate box compression testing. The FEA-predicted critical top-load was compared to experimental results of regular slotted containers (FEFCO 0201) and analytical estimations based on the McKee formula. New Pressure Sensitive Device to Measure and Predict Package Drops S. PAUL SINGH, JAY SINGH and YOUNG PAEK ABSTRACT: Pressurex®, a tactile pressure sensor film which is manufactured by Sensor Product Inc. (East Hanova, NJ, Method for Measuring the Oxygen Transmission Rate of Perforated Packaging Films AYMAN ABDELLATIEF and BRUCE A. WELT ABSTRACT: A new method was developed to measure the Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) of perforations using fiber optic oxygen sensors. The method was used to measure the OTR of calibrated perforations with diameters of approximately 100, 150, 200, and 250 µm at 15, 23, and 30°C. The oxygen concentration was measured over time in a chamber which allowed oxygen to diffuse through the perforation over a concentration gradient. The plot of the logarithm of the ratio concentration gradient at time t to the initial concentration gradient yielded a straight line. The permeance was calculated from the slope of the line. The OTR is function of the oxygen concentration gradient and was calculated by multiplying the permeance by the concentration gradient at a particular time. The initial OTR is the largest value and goes to zero as the concentration in the chamber approaches ambient conditions. Permeance of perforations increased with increasing diameter but decreased with increasing temperature. This method could be used to measure OTR of perforated packaging films. Research Quantitative Analysis of the Compressive Stress Distributions across Pallet Decks Supporting Packaging in Simulated Warehouse Storage JIYOUN YOO, MARSHALL WHITE, and RALPH RUPERT Antimicrobial Packaging: Potential vs. Reality—A Review AISHWARYA BALASUBRAMANIAN, LINDA E. ROSENBERG, KIT YAM and MICHAEL L. CHIKINDAS Analysis of Peelable Film in Food Packaging MATT BAKER Effect of Manufacturer's Joint Fastening Techniques on Compression Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes J. SINGH, A. ATTEMA, E. OLSEN and K. VORST ARTICLE ABSTRACTS (October 2009, Volume 3/Number 4) Quantitative Analysis of the Compressive Stress Distributions across Pallet Decks Supporting Packaging in Simulated Warehouse Storage JIYOUN YOO, MARSHALL WHITE and RALPH RUPERT ABSTRACT: This paper summarizes quantitatively analyzed compressive stress distributions across pallet deck surfaces supporting flexible and rigid packaging in simulated warehouse storage. Three different densities of polyolefin foams (2, 4, and 6 lb/ft3) were used to simulate a variety of flexible and rigid packaging with a range of stiffness properties. A layer of single wall C-flute corrugated fiberboard acted as a sensing medium and also simulated the bottom of a corrugated box. Pressure sensitive films were used to detect compressive stresses at the interface between the polyolefin foams and the pallet deck-board. Image analysis software program was used to quantitatively characterize stress distributions left on the pressure sensitive film. In the final models, the three foams' resultant stress distributions across pallet deck surfaces in both rack and floor stack storage simulations were non-uniform. The measure of stress concentrations was the stress intensity factor, which was the ratio of initial maximum resultant compressive stress to the applied stress. In simulated block stack storage, the foam stiffness (package and product stiffness) had a more significant effect on the stress distributions and concentrations along the deck-boards than did the pallet deck stiffness. As a result, the stiffer foam presented a greater change in stress levels along the deck-board and lesser pallet deck deflections under the compression load. Applying the final models of resultant non-uniform stress distributions enabled the development of finite element analysis (FEA) models of pallet deck-board deflections. The predicted FEA models of the deck-board deflections were validated through comparison with experimentally measured deflections in the simulated warehouse storage systems. Antimicrobial Packaging: Potential vs. Reality—A Review AISHWARYA BALASUBRAMANIAN, LINDA E. ROSENBERG, KIT YAM* and MICHAEL L. CHIKINDAS* ABSTRACT: The market need for natural and safe food products and the stringent regulations to prevent food borne infectious diseases and food recalls have motivated researchers into finding novel technologies for antimicrobials delivery which should result in improved safety and quality of the food products over the storage period. Antimicrobial packaging (a subset of "active packaging" and "controlled release packaging") is one such technology that effectively incorporates the antimicrobial into the packaging material and delivers it over the required period of time, thus causing no reduction of the antimicrobial's concentration in the product. This technology has come a long way in the development of different materials and methods to incorporate the antimicrobials and release them based on the application. Numerous natural antimicrobials have been tested using this technology both in medicine and food and are proved to be effective. Although the potential of antimicrobial packaging system is noticeable in laboratory conditions this is not effectively extrapolated into real life situations. This paper aims at discussing the potential of antimicrobial packaging systems, evaluating the reasons for the gap between laboratory conditions and real life situations, and providing possible solutions to overcome this situation. Analysis of Peelable Film in Food Packaging MATT BAKER ABSTRACT: This paper is an analysis of peelable lidding films used in cup and tray style food packaging applications, focusing on what should be considered when developing a new package or adapting an existing package application to a peelable film. Three types of peelable films will be discussed and how they influence the various parts of a packaging line and also any advantages and disadvantages at each point in the packaging line. This paper will also focus on the machinery aspect including both hot fill and retort applications. However, to do so, requires an understanding of the film and what affects a packaging machinery change may have on transportation and food quality, therefore several post production areas will also be mentioned. Medical bags or pouches such as those from vertical form fill seal machines are not under the same production conditions as cups or trays so they will only be mentioned when and if applicable. Effect of Manufacturer's Joint Fastening Techniques on Compression Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes J. SINGH, A. ATTEMA, E. OLSEN and K. VORST ABSTRACT: A flat piece of corrugated fiberboard, which has been cut, slotted and scored, is often referred to as a box blank. For several box styles, in order to convert the box blank into a box, its two ends must be fastened together with tape, staples or adhesives such as water soluble glues. The location at which the two ends meet is known as the manufacturer's joint. There are several variations within the three fastening techniques mentioned with most corrugated box manufacturers following their own protocols for fastening the manufacturer's joints. This study explored the compression and tensile strengths of RSC style corrugated boxes based on adhesive (glue) coverage, three different types of tapes (acrylic, paper and reinforced paper) and application angle of staples. The fabricated boxes were also tested for compression strength and deflection. Test data (N = 10) was collected for each dependent variable of peak force, deflection at peak force and tensile strength using the analysis of variance procedure with a Turkey probability distribution at a 0.05 critical limit. The results suggest an overall higher tensile strength for glue than the other fastening techniques evaluated (P < 0.05) with no significant difference (P > 0.05) for peak force or deflection at peak force for all glued, stapled or taped treatments. |
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